REGIONS: COUNTRIES:
U.S. Contemplates More of the Scarcely Believable in Afghanistan & Pakistan
William Pfaff
The idea is for the United States to bomb Quetta, one of Pakistan's principal cities, capital of its largest province, Balochistan, which already experiences separatist forces. Quetta is a major Pakistan military base, home of the century-old Command and Staff College inherited from the British army
Coming up Short on Pakistan
Jayshree Bajoria
President Barack Obama's strategy approving a U.S. troop surge in Afghanistan called success there 'inextricably linked to our partnership with Pakistan.' But the U.S.-Pakistan relationship is riddled with problems. Five independent Pakistani experts assess Obama's strategy, explore the largely negative response in Pakistan, and discuss the military and political pitfalls of the plan.
Arrogant U.S. Misses the Message From Pakistan's People
William Pfaff
There has always been in American foreign policy circles a virus called arrogance, caused by the hereditary assumption that Americans know better than others. Surprisingly, this does not always prove the case, but the condition seems highly resistant to treatment, even by experience. There seems a high probability that the disease has struck Obama administration policy circles dealing with Pakistan
From Iraq to Afghanistan, U.S. Foreign Wars Not Going According to Plan
by William Pfaff
In Iraq, tension was reported to be increasing between the Americans and the Iraqi military and security forces, who were supposed to take over the Americans' responsibilities. Move to another front: Pakistan-Afghanistan. Here there was also supposed to be a straightforward job to do: drive the Taliban out of Afghanistan, into the Tribal Areas of the Pakistan border. There, the Pakistan army, with American urging and help, would defeat and disarm them.
Events in Middle East & Central Asia Challenge U.S's Conventional Assumptions
William Pfaff
Three recent developments in the Muslim Middle East and Central Asia challenge Washington's conventional assumptions about Pakistan, the Taliban, Lebanon and Iran.
Obama's Moment in South Asia
International Current Events, News & World Affairs
Afghanistan and Pakistan are at the very top of President Obama's list of foreign and security priorities. The U.S. military has embraced this new emphasis, as indicated by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Adm. Mike Mullen's recent statement that the war in Afghanistan is now more important than the struggle in Iraq.
The increased emphasis on Afghanistan and Pakistan is laudable, because what happens in these two countries is critical in determining the future of extremism and terror -- a defining security challenge of our time.
Fighting Extremism with Democracy in Pakistan
International Current Events, News & World Affairs
Pakistan opposition leader Nawaz Sharif is seen by many -- including, reportedly, officials in the Obama administration -- as the man who can possibly help unite Pakistanis against the scourge of Talebanization threatening the South Asian nuclear-armed nation.
In this interview Sharif says that national consensus on strengthening the rule of law, must be part of a multi-pronged strategy to address the root causes of Taliban extremism.
Cambodia Deja Vu: The Invasion of Pakistan
International Current Events, News & World Affairs
39 years! And here we are again. The United States, despite its plan to deploy nearly 70,000 troops this year in Afghanistan, finds itself and its NATO allies in danger of defeat by the Taliban guerillas. U.S. bombing, with remote-controlled "drones," of the Pakistani Tribal Territories has killed many people but has had no decisive effect on the fighting in Afghanistan.
Father 'overjoyed' at return of son after Pakistan kidnap ordeal
The father of a 5-year-old British boy kidnapped by gunmen while on vacation in Pakistan said he was "completely overjoyed" at being reunited with his son after his two-week ordeal.
5 Americans charged in terror case in Pakistan, prosecutor says
Five Americans accused of plotting terror attacks in Pakistan were formally charged Wednesday with several terrorism-related counts, the prosecutor in the case told CNN.
Drones kill suspected militants in Pakistan
Back-to-back drone strikes in Pakistan's northwest tribal region on Wednesday morning killed five suspected militants, officials said.
Security personnel attacked in Pakistan
Dozens of armed militants attacked a joint police and military checkpoint in Pakistan's troubled northwest early Wednesday, killing five security personnel, police said.
Kidnapped British boy found safe in Pakistan
A five-year-old British boy who was kidnapped in Pakistan earlier this month has been found safe and is back with his relatives, the British High Commission said Tuesday.
Pakistan: 12 suspected militants killed
Twelve suspected militants were killed in military airstrikes in Pakistan's tribal region, two Pakistani military officials told CNN.
U.S. sees improved relations with Pakistan
The relationship between the United States and Pakistan has seen a "significant improvement" under the Obama administration, the U.S. special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan said.
Pakistan navy conducts missile tests
Pakistan's navy said it test-fired missiles in the Arabian Sea on Friday to send a message to "anyone harboring nefarious designs" against the country.
Charity suspends operation in Pakistan after attack kills 6
An international aid organization temporarily suspended its operations in Pakistan's North West Frontier Province after an attack on its office Wednesday killed six employees, the group's spokesman said.
30 militants killed in Pakistan
Pakistani security forces fought back an insurgent attack early Thursday killing 30 militants in Pakistan's tribal region, officials said.
Minister: Boy's kidnappers include someone close to family
The captors of a kidnapped 5-year-old British boy included someone who was close to the family, Pakistan's Interior Minister said Sunday.
American Muslims face Pakistan court
Prosecutors presented their case Tuesday against five Americans arrested in Pakistan on suspicion of plotting terror attacks.
Suspect in consulate attack dies in strike, Pakistani source says
A militant wanted in connection with an attack on a U.S. consulate in Pakistan four years ago was killed in a missile strike in the country's tribal region, a Pakistani intelligence official said Thursday.
Confusion over Afghan militant transfer deal
An Afghan government official said a tentative agreement was reached Wednesday to transfer a detained Afghan Taliban military leader from Pakistan to Afghanistan, but Pakistan quickly denied the assertion.
2 Sikhs beheaded in Pakistan's northwest
Two men from the minority Sikh community in Pakistan's tribal northwest were kidnapped and beheaded on Sunday, authorities said this week. Two others remain in custody.
Drone attack kills 4 suspected militants in northwest Pakistan
A drone attack in Pakistan's northwest tribal region killed four suspected militants Wednesday, officials said.
Blast hits school in northwest Pakistan
A remotely detonated bomb damaged a school in northwest Pakistan on Tuesday morning, police said. No one was hurt.
Eight killed in Pakistan suicide bombing
A suicide bomber targeting military vehicles killed eight people in northwestern Pakistan Monday, Pakistani military officials told CNN.
Airstrikes kill 30 militants in Pakistan
Thirty militants were killed in airstrikes targeting hideouts in Pakistan's tribal region Saturday, the Pakistan army's spokesman said.
Blast kills 25 in Pakistan's tribal region
Twenty-five people were killed in a suicide blast in Pakistan's tribal region on Thursday, intelligence officials said.
Drone attack kills 2 in Pakistan
A drone attack targeting a suspected militant compound killed two people and wounded three others in Pakistan's northwest Wednesday, officials said.
Drone attack kills 6 in Pakistan
A drone attack targeting a militant compound killed six people in Pakistan's northwest Sunday.
India, Pakistan set date for talks
Indian and Pakistani officials on Friday agreed to meet in New Delhi later this month in a bid to resume talks disrupted by the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks.
15 killed in Pakistan suicide bombings
Fifteen people were killed Thursday and at least 25 were wounded in two suicide bombings in the Bannu District of Pakistan's North West Frontier Province, officials said.
First Pakistani trip for top Indian official since Mumbai attack
An Indian government official soon will be making the first high-level visit to Pakistan since the 2008 Mumbai attack, a trip that indicates a thaw in relations between the rival South Asian nations, the government said.
Pakistan blast kills 3 in U.S. Special Ops
A "vicious" roadside bomb blast struck a convoy in northwestern Pakistan, killing at least seven people Wednesday, including three American troops training the country's security forces.
Building houses to resist earthquakes
After a severe earthquake centered in Pakistan's Kashmir province killed more than 70,000 people in 2005, teams from a nonprofit architecture group based in London, England, helped the region start to rebuild.
Foreign aid workers killed in Pakistan blast
Three foreign aid workers were among eight people killed Wednesday when a roadside bomb struck a convoy on its way to a girls' school opening in northwest Pakistan.
Researchers: U.S. escalated drone strikes in Pakistan in recent weeks
The United States has escalated its unmanned aircraft strikes at militant targets in Pakistan since seven Americans were killed in a December 30 suicide attack at a CIA base in eastern Afghanistan, statistics from two informed research outlets show.
Sources: Drone strikes kill 29 in Pakistan
Several suspected U.S. drone strikes killed at least 29 people in Pakistan on Tuesday, Pakistani intelligence sources said.
5 American terror suspects say they are being tortured in Pakistan
Five Americans arrested in Pakistan on suspicion of plotting terror attacks claimed again Tuesday they are being tortured in jail.
12 killed in suicide attack in Pakistan
At least 12 people were killed when a teenage suicide attacker blew himself up Saturday at a security checkpoint in northwest Pakistan, officials said.
The gun markets of Pakistan
On January 22, 2006, the New York Times reported that all foreign journalists were being banned from Pakistan's tribal areas, which has been called "the most dangerous place in the world." A week before that, the CIA fired missiles remotely from a Predator aircraft into the Waziristan tribal area. They were hoping to eradicate a bunch of al Qaeda operatives. Instead, they killed 18 women and children.
Official: Suspected drone down in Pakistan
A suspected U.S. drone crashed in Pakistan's tribal region, a Pakistani intelligence official told CNN.
Haiti crisis triggers quake nightmare for Pakistan legend
Pakistan cricket legend Imran Khan has described how the unfolding crisis in Haiti revived harrowing memories of a similar earthquake in his own region.
4 killed in suspected drone strike in Pakistan
Four people in Pakistan died Saturday when a suspected U.S. drone fired two missiles at a target close to the Afghan border, according to two intelligence sources and an administration official.
Rockets fired in India-Pakistan border skirmish
Indian border guards fired four rockets into Pakistan on Saturday in what they said was retaliation to a similar fire from the other side. Pakistan denied that claim.
Sources: Suspected drone strikes kill militants in Pakistan
At least 13 suspected militants were killed in a tribal region of Pakistan near the Afghan border Wednesday, apparently by missiles fired from unmanned U.S. aircraft, two Pakistani intelligence sources told CNN.
5 American terror suspects appear in Pakistan court
A Pakistani court Monday gave police two weeks to prepare their case for charging five Americans whom police suspect of planning terrorist attacks.
Death toll rises in Pakistan game blast
The death toll climbed to 99 on Sunday after a suicide car bomb exploded Friday in the middle of a group of men playing volleyball in northwest Pakistan, police said.
Terror attack kills 75 at Pakistan volleyball match
A suicide car bomb exploded Friday in the middle of a group of men playing volleyball in northwest Pakistan, killing 75 and wounding 60, district police officials told CNN.
Deadly strike in Pakistan targets car
A missile strike killed two people Friday in northwest Pakistan, the latest in a string of suspected U.S. drone attacks on the region, a Pakistani intelligence official said.
Suspected drone attack kills 3 in Pakistan
A missile strike targeted a house in northwest Pakistan believed to be housing Islamic militants late Thursday, the latest in a string of suspected U.S. drone attacks on the region, Pakistani intelligence officials said.
5 killed in raid at Pakistan hospital
Five people were killed overnight when Pakistani security forces hunting for militants involved in a deadly attack earlier this week raided a hospital in the country's volatile tribal region and battled militants there, two Pakistani intelligence officials said Thursday.
Death toll rises in Karachi suicide attack
The death toll from the suicide bombing in Pakistan's financial capital, Karachi, rose to 40, authorities said Tuesday.
Report: U.S. missiles kill militants in Pakistan
Two missiles believed to be fired by a U.S. unmanned aircraft killed 13 militants in Pakistan's tribal region, a local intelligence official said Sunday.
Blast kills Pakistan official, 5 of his children
A government official and five of his children were killed Sunday morning in a blast in Pakistan's troubled northwest, authorities said.
3 dead in drone strike, Pakistan official says
Two missiles believed to be fired by a U.S. unmanned aircraft on Saturday killed three militants in Pakistan's tribal region, a Pakistani intelligence official told CNN.
Explosions rock 3 Pakistan schools
Separate blasts rocked three schools in Pakistan's troubled northwest early Friday morning, authorities said.
Suspected drone strike kills 3 in Pakistan
A suspected U.S. drone strike killed three people Friday in Pakistan's North Waziristan tribal region, a local official said.
15 killed in Pakistan drone strikes
Two suspected U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan killed 15 people in the country's North Waziristan tribal region on Thursday, authorities said.
Pakistan blocks deportation of 5 Americans
A court order issued Monday blocks five Americans arrested in Pakistan last week from being deported or being handed over to the FBI, officials said.
Americans arrested in Pakistan had bright futures
Five Americans arrested this week in Pakistan were "wholesome," devout young men who participated in a youth program at a community mosque in suburban Virginia, representatives of the congregation said Friday.
Mosque of Americans arrested in Pakistan plans investigation
A representative at the Virginia mosque of five Americans arrested in Pakistan said it plans to conduct an inquiry into the circumstances that led to the arrests.
Pakistan arrests 5 men reported missing in United States
Five people arrested in Pakistan had been reported missing in the United States, and police are confident they were planning terrorist acts, a Pakistani police official told CNN.
Mom denies terror link as 6 arrested in Pakistan
The mother of one of the five young men arrested in Pakistan told CNN Thursday that her son was in that country to get married, not to plot terror attacks as Pakistani police have alleged.
Deadly blast hits near Pakistan's ISI
A blast hit near a building housing Pakistan's intelligence service, ISI, in the eastern city of Multan on Tuesday, killing at least 12 people and wounding 20 others, police said.
Dozens killed in Pakistan market blasts
Thirty-six people were killed and dozens were injured in explosions at a market in Lahore, Pakistan, on Monday, an official said.
White House OKs expanding CIA drone program in Pakistan
The White House has authorized an expansion of the CIA's program to attack suspected al Qaeda and Taliban operatives in Pakistan along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border with missiles shot from pilotless planes, a U.S. official confirms.
Bin Laden not in Pakistan, PM says
Pakistan's prime minister Thursday rejected claims al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden is hiding within his country amid mounting global pressure on Islamabad to tackle terrorists linked to escalating conflict in neighboring Afghanistan.
Suicide blast near Pakistan naval headquarters
One person was killed and 11 others were wounded Wednesday when a suicide attacker blew himself up outside the entrance of the local naval headquarters in Pakistan's capital, a senior government official said.
Pakistan determined to fight Taliban, retired general says
The Pakistani people now believe the war against the Taliban is their war, whereas in the past they considered it to be the United States' war, a former Pakistani general with close ties to his country's military told CNN's Christiane Amanpour on Tuesday.
Bricked in by debt, Pakistan's child 'slaves'
Every morning 17-year-old Naser wakes up to make bricks, toiling for 14 hours a day, seven days a week. This is what he has done almost all his life. He's never been in school and he's never had the chance of a proper childhood.
Taliban clashes with Pakistan army, 20 militants dead
The Pakistani military killed 20 militants during military operations in northwest Pakistan late Sunday night and into Monday morning, a senior military official told CNN.
Kids smuggle food for cents along war border
Sabar Mina is cloaked in a light green shawl tinged with dirt. She is holding an empty flour sack that she plans on filling with firewood.
Pakistani military kills 29 militants
Pakistani troops killed at least 29 militants in clashes and air strikes in the tribal regions along the border with Afghanistan, military officials told CNN.
Suspected drone kills 8 militants in Pakistan
A suspected drone fired two missiles at a house in northwestern Pakistan on Friday morning, killing eight militants and wounding several others, officials said.
India rejects third-party role in Pakistan talks
India on Wednesday rejected any third-country mediation in its relationship with arch-rival Pakistan, a day after the U.S. and Chinese presidents pledged cooperation on South Asian issues.
World Diabetes Day: Rise in number of kidney disease worldwide
Kidney disease is becoming a growing problem in developing countries, caused by an explosion in cases of diabetes and high blood pressure, experts say.
17 dead in Pakistani car bombings
A pair of bombings in Pakistan killed at least 17 people, including security officials, and wounded dozens of others Friday, officials said.
Pakistan rejects unsecured nukes report
Pakistan angrily defended the security of its nuclear arsenal Sunday after a U.S. magazine reported that the Obama administration wants Pakistan to let Washington help secure its weapons in a crisis.
Pakistan: Suspected drone strike kills 4
A suspected drone strike killed at least four people in a mountainous border region where the Taliban has long operated, Pakistani officials said Thursday.
On the Taliban trail in South Waziristan
Take a trip to Pakistan's tribal district of South Waziristan these days and there's no guarantee you won't get hurt, kidnapped or something worse.
Hillary Clinton urges openness between U.S., Pakistan
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Friday she did not come to Pakistan for "happy talk."
Clinton has tough sell in repairing scarred relationship with Pakistan
Just a few hours after Secretary of State Hillary Clinton arrived in Islamabad, a massive car bomb exploded in a crowded market frequented by women in the northwest city of Peshawar, a two-hour drive away.
Helicopter crash in Pakistan kills 3
Three people were killed Saturday when hostile fire caused a Pakistani military transport helicopter to crash, Pakistani officials said.
Explosion outside Pakistan restaurant wounds 9
At least nine people were wounded in an explosion outside a restaurant in northwestern Pakistan on Friday, police and hospital officials said.
Seven dead in latest Pakistan violence
Bombings across Pakistan on Friday killed at least seven people and wounded 24, officials said.
Pakistan says rebel blamed in Iran attack is in Afghanistan
Pakistan denied Wednesday that it is harboring a Sunni rebel leader accused of orchestrating a suicide attack in neighboring Iran.
Battle rages over Pakistan militant stronghold
Heavily armed militants put up a fierce fight on Tuesday to protect a Taliban stronghold in South Waziristan, Pakistan's military said.
Schools across Pakistan close after deadly suicide blasts
Pakistani authorities have closed all educational institutions across the county until at least the end of the week, following twin suicide bombings at an Islamic university Tuesday.
Petraeus, Kerry visit Pakistan as military battles militants
The top U.S. military commander for the Middle East and Central Asia visited Pakistan on Monday as the Pakistani army battled Taliban militants in the country's northwest, U.S. Embassy officials said.
Pakistani forces capture village in Taliban stronghold
Pakistani soldiers and militants battled Saturday in the country's vast tribal region, with more than a dozen insurgents killed in airstrikes, at least four soldiers slain in skirmishes and a key village seized by troops, the military said.
Pakistan faces new wave of Taliban attacks
Pakistan's army chief briefed the country's top leaders Friday on the tenuous security situation as the government combats a new wave of attacks believed to have been orchestrated by Taliban militants.
Obama signs $7.5 billion Pakistan aid bill
President Obama signed legislation providing an additional $7.5 billion in assistance to the Pakistani government.
Militant attacks kill at least 30 in Pakistan
Militants launched a string of bold strikes in Pakistan on Thursday, leaving at least 30 police officers and civilians dead, authorities said.
Senators respond to Pakistani protests, explain aid bill
The chairmen of the House and Senate committees on foreign relations Wednesday provided a written explanation of the $7.5 billion Pakistan aid bill, a response to Pakistani protests of U.S. meddling in its affairs.
Analysis: U.S.-Pakistan relationship like uneasy marriage
Pakistan Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi made the rounds in Washington just as President Obama's national security team shifted its attention to Pakistan.
41 dead in Pakistan Swat Valley blast
At least 41 people were killed and dozens wounded in a blast Monday at a security forces checkpoint in northwest Pakistan, authorities said.
Pakistan arrests suspected mastermind behind U.N. strike
The suspected mastermind of the suicide strike on the offices of the U.N. World Food Programme in Islamabad has been arrested, Pakistan's interior minister said on Friday.
Suicide bomb blast kills at least 49 in northern Pakistan
A suicide car bomb in a bustling market in the Pakistani city of Peshawar killed at least 49 people Friday, a government official said.
Commentary: U.S.-Pakistan goals coming into alignment
It hasn't been too often in the past couple of years that you could write about good news from Pakistan. But if there is a silver lining to the atrocities that have plagued the country in the past several years, it is the fact that the Pakistani public, government and military are increasingly seeing the jihadist militants on their territory in a hostile light.
Top U.S. security officials share Afghan-Pakistan border concerns
As President Obama huddles with key military advisers to talk about a strategy in Afghanistan, top officials charged with protecting the homeland on Wednesday pointedly stressed the danger from terrorists in the Afghan-Pakistan border area.
Sources: 4 killed in missile strike in Pakistani tribal area
Four people were killed Tuesday night in a suspected U.S. missile strike in Pakistan's tribal region, according to a Pakistani intelligence official and a local government official.
Source: Deaths rise in alleged drone attack
The death toll rose to seven on Friday in an apparent drone attack in northern Pakistan's tribal region, an intelligence source said.
Pakistan arrests top Taliban commander
Pakistan has arrested a key militant commander suspected of launching suicide attacks in the country's northwest, Pakistan's army announced Monday.
Militant commander dies in custody in Pakistan
A notorious Pakistani Taliban commander with a reputation for beheading opponents has died in custody, a Pakistani military official said.
Suicide attacker kills two in Pakistan
A suicide attacker blew himself up at an army checkpoint in northwest Pakistan, killing two security forces and wounding four people, a military source said.
39 killed in Pakistan market car bombing
At least 39 people were killed Friday morning when a suicide car bomb exploded near a crowded market in northwest Pakistan, police said.
Terror cell leader arrested in Pakistan
Authorities arrested a commander of a terror cell in Pakistan and captured dozens of suspected militants as part of an ongoing offensive in the country, military officials said Wednesday.
Pakistan: News & Videos about Pakistan - CNN.com
Find stories, videos, and photos about Pakistan from CNN.com.
Young Hostage Freed After Wide Hunt
A harrowing saga of kidnappers, cops, ransom and surveillance that reached from Pakistan to Spain ended with arrests and the return of the 5-year-old hostage.
5 Americans Held in Pakistan Plead Not Guilty to Terrorism Charges
The Americans, who traveled to Pakistan from the Washington suburbs and were detained in December, pleaded not guilty.
Drone Strike Said to Kill a Leader of Al Qaeda
A recent drone strike killed a commander who helped plan the killing of C.I.A. staff at an Afghanistan base.
Let Pakistan Make Its Own Progress
America needs a reality check. The best thing Washington can do is to avoid fanning the flames of war.
Contractors Tied to Effort to Track and Kill Militants
A Defense Department official set up a private network of spies in Pakistan and Afghanistan to gather intelligence on insurgents, according to officials.
Suicide Bomber Kills 13 at Checkpoint in Pakistan
The attacker was driving a motorized rickshaw and wounded more than 50 people.
Twin Suicide Attacks Hit Military Sites in Pakistan
The suicide bombings killed at least 43 in the second deadly assault in a week on Lahore.
Pakistan Army Digs In on Turf of the Taliban
The army has gained the upper hand, but insurgents in South Waziristan continue to make their presence known.
U.S. Charity Is Attacked In Pakistan; 6 Are Killed
Pakistani authorities said about a dozen masked militants stormed the building at about 9:30 a.m., herded staff members into a room, and started shooting indiscriminately.
Spy Chief in Pakistan to Stay On Another Year
An unusual extension for Lt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha may pave the way for a longer term for the head of the army, Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, who was set to step down this year.
Karzai Meets With Top Officials in Pakistan
Afghan and Pakistani leaders tried to bridge differences on dealing with Taliban militants in a border region.
Upset by U.S. Security, Pakistanis Return as Heroes
A U.S. tour arranged by the State Department ended in a public relations fiasco when the group of Pakistani legislators refused to submit to extra airport screening.
Pakistan Government Site Is Attacked
An explosives-laden truck rammed into the gate of a house used by the Federal Investigation Agency in Lahore, killing at least 12 people.
Qaeda Operative Arrested in Pakistan
The arrest of Abu Yahya Mujahdeen al-Adam, described as Pennsylvania-born and affiliated with Al Qaeda’s operations division, is one of a number of high-profile captures in recent weeks.
Suicide Bomber Rams a Pakistan Building
An explosive-laden truck rammed into a house used by Pakistan’s Federal Investigation Agency, killing at least seven.
NYT > Pakistan
OVERVIEW |
Pakistan was born as an explicitly Muslim state, and the wrestling between its secular and Islamic natures has never been so pronounced as in recent years. The country's other troubling traditions are the military's role as the arbiter of power — there have been four coups in its 60 years of independence — and its rampant corruption and waves of economic and political unrest.
After the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, the country entered into an alliance with the United States that it later claimed was the result of coercion. In 2002, Pakistan came to the brink of war with India after Islamic members of a Pakistani militant group attacked India's Parliament.
The following years were tumultuous even by Pakistan's standards, as its military ruler, Gen. Pervez Musharraf, was forced from office and a combination of the Taliban and home-grown Islamic militants spread their control from country's mountainous western border ever further toward the capital.
By May 2009, the insurgency appeared to pose a threat to the very existence of the state, and the nation's military, which had stayed focused primarily on its tense border with India, decided to initiate a head-on fight to take back the regions seized by the militants. With strong public support — many Pakistanis who had previously seen the "war on terror" as an American import expressed revulsion against extremist acts by the Taliban — the army unleashed air and ground forces in tribal areas along the country's western border with Afghanistan and areas like the Swat Valley and South Waziristan from the militants.
The military campaign produced massive refugee flows out of contested areas. While President Asif Ali Zardari sought to preserve American support and funding, many of Pakistan's 173 million people remained furious over American drone airplane attacks, which were seen as breaches of national sovereignty. Anger at the Taliban, however, seemed to outweigh even their frustration with the military campaign that has crushed their houses and killed their relatives.
A new aid package for Pakistan passed by Congress in September 2009 unwittingly thrust the United States into the center of the uneasy relationship between Pakistan's powerful military and its weak civilian governments by insisting on greater civilian oversight of the military as a condition. The conditions were seen as an infringement on Pakistan's sovereignty, and rather than improving America's relations with Pakistan, the bill threatened to undermine Mr. Zardari and lay bare the troubles at the heart of the two countries' alliance.
During the same period, a wave of attacks against top security installations demonstrated anew that the Taliban, Al Qaeda and militant groups once nurtured by the government were tightening an alliance aimed at bringing down the Pakistani state.
At the end of November, Mr. Zadari abruptly ceded his position in his nation's nuclear command structure to his prime minister. The political maneuver is widely seen as a fresh sign of turmoil on the eve of Mr. Obama's strategy announcement for the region, which is expected in early December.
THE END OF THE MUSHARRAF ERA
In 2007, Pakistan's military ruler, Gen. Pervez Musharraf, was forced from power. He was replaced by neither of his longtime rivals, Nawaz Sharif or Benazir Bhutto, who was killed by a bomb at a campaign rally. A tide of strong emotion swept Bhutto's party into power in parliamentary elections in 2008, and her widower, Mr. Zardari, became president.
General Musharraf's tenure was dominated by the aftermath of the Sept. 11th attacks, by political instability and the rise of Islamic extremist groups. Pakistan's intelligence services and portions of the military had been backers of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. After 9/11, the United States demanded that Pakistan turn against the Taliban and al Qaeda. Mr. Musharraf agreed, but then walked a tightrope between satisfying the Bush administration without inflaming Islamic groups that strongly support al Qaeda. The mountains of western Pakistan became haven for Al Qaeda and the Taliban and a launching pad for increasing numbers of extremist attacks in Afghanistan and within Pakistan.
Mr. Musharraf's downfall began with his attempt to force out the chief justice of Pakistan's Supreme Court, Iftikhar Mohammed Chaudhry, in the spring of 2007, which was widely protested. Mr. Musharraf was forced to backtrack. Under pressure from the Bush administration, he began negotiations with Ms. Bhutto, a former prime minister then in exile, about a power sharing agreement.
No agreement was reached, and on Nov. 3, fearing that the reinstated court was about to rule against him, Mr. Musharraf declared a state of emergency. Hundreds of political opponents were arrested and a majority of the Supreme Court was forced to resign. On Nov. 28, 2007, Mr. Musharraf gave up his military rank, and two weeks later ended emergency rule. By that time, Ms. Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, the prime minister Mr. Musharraf had deposed, were vigorously campaigning against Mr. Musharraf in the run up to parliamentary elections.
THE ZARDARI PRESIDENCY
On Dec. 27, 2007 Ms. Bhutto was killed by a bomb detonated as she left a large rally, throwing the country into deep mourning. A parliamentary election was postponed until February 2008, when Mr. Musharraf's party was routed. Mr. Zardari and Mr. Sharif formed a governing coalition, which in August declared that it would seek the impeachment of Mr. Musharraf, who soon after announced his resignation.
Before then, the coalition had dissolved over the unwillingness of Mr. Zardari to reinstate Mr. Chaudhry and the other Supreme Court members forced out by Mr. Musharraf. In September 2008 Mr. Zardari was elected president, completing a remarkable swing from prisoner to exile to marginal political player to the country's central figure.
In November 2008, tensions with India returned to the forefront after the terrorist attacks in Mumbai, which were quickly linked to a Pakistani militant group, Lakshar e-Taiba. The country soon faced a financial crisis as well, as the global financial crisis cut Pakistan off from credit it desperately needed. The government reached agreement with the International Monetary Fund for a $7 billion loan.
In February 2009, the rivalry between the president and Mr. Sharif boiled over when the Supreme Court barred Mr. Sharif and his brother, the governor of Punjab, from holding office. The move was widely seen in Pakistan as a raw political maneuver engineered by Mr. Zardari to diminish the power of the two popular opposition figures. Mr. Zardari followed up by appointing an ally as the new governor of Punjab, the country's most populous region and the heart of Mr. Sharif's support.
As protests increased, in March the government banned a national protest march and arrested hundreds of political workers. As Mr. Sharif led a huge convoy toward the capital for a mass protest, Mr. Zardari capitulated and reinstated Mr. Chaudhry, but the episode left him weakened.
After the Supreme Court reversed its ban on Mr. Sharif, he emerged as the most popular politician in the country. Mr. Zardari has seen his popularity ratings plummet, largely because of concerns about Pakistan's faltering economy and a general sense that the country is headed in the wrong direction.
THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE TALIBAN
Pakistanis long supported the Taliban and other militant groups as allies to exert influence in neighboring Afghanistan and as a hedge against India. Unlike Afghans, they never lived under Taliban rule, and were slow to absorb its dangers. But the experience of those Pakistanis who have now lived under the Taliban has left many disillusioned.
After Mr. Zaradari took office, he agreed to launch an aggressive campaign against the Taliban in the western provinces. But American officials soon began to doubt whether he had made a real commitment to the project. In many ways, Mr. Zardari appeared to be walking the same tightrope as had Mr. Musharraf, seeking to appease both the United States, a military with close ties to militants and a populace angry at what was widely seen as American interference in the country's government.
Through 2008 and early 2009 the influence of the Taliban spread from the remote mountains along the Afghanistan border. The region of Swat, formerly a lure for tourists not far from the capital, became the scene of infiltration, intimidation and constant fighting, and in early 2009 the government reached a truce agreement with militants there. Mr. Zardari signed a measure that would impose Islamic law in the valley. Taliban militants, most of them under the leadership of Mullah Fazlullah, continued usurping and attacking the government anyway. They used the let-up to press their hard line crackdown on morals even further, alienating many residents.
Soon afterward the Taliban took over Buner, an adjoining district only 60 miles from Islamabad. The conquest shook the central government, as well as the middle and upper classes across the country. It also caused American officials to apply enormous pressure on Pakistan to act.
The ensuing campaign, begun in May, seemed to be prosecuted with a new resolve, in what appeared to be a change of heart in the Pakistani Army, which had supported the militants for many years. Unaccustomed to urban guerrilla warfare, the military first concentrated on fighting in the rural and mountainous areas of Swat. The ensuing exodus of 1.3 million refugees was the largest mass migration of Pakistanis since the country was partitioned from India more than 60 years ago.
As the battle in Swat died down, the army's mission turned to the rugged Taliban stronghold of South Waziristan, home to Baitullah Mehsud, Pakistan's enemy No. 1. Mr. Mehsud was killed in August 2009 in a United States drone strike, but thousands of fighters remained entrenched in mountain terrain that is nearly impossible for conventional armies to navigate.
TERRORISM IN THE PAKISTANI HEARTLAND
One factor that turned public opinion in Pakistan against the Taliban was a string of deadly terrorist attacks in Pakistani cities.
Units of the Taliban have linked up with militants in the province of Punjab, home to half of the country's population. The deadly assault in March 2009 in Lahore, Punjab's capital, against the Sri Lankan cricket team, and the bombing in September 2008 of the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, the national capital, were only the most spectacular examples of the joint campaign. Intelligence officials said the Taliban's effort to move into the country's heartland was motivated partly by the need to find new safe havens, as bombing by American drone aircraft increased in the tribal areas. But it also represented a decision by Punjabi militants to make common cause with the Taliban after the government's siege of Islamic hard-liners at the Red Mosque in Islamabad, in mid-2007. The siege became a rallying cry.
Taliban leaders warned Pakistanis in May that they were preparing "major attacks" in large cities in retaliation for the military's ongoing campaign against the insurgents. A suicide bombing in broad daylight in one of the busiest districts of Lahore killed at least 23 people. In June, in Peshawar, militants rushed a small truck packed with explosives through the gates of a five-star hotel, detonating the payload in the parking lot and killing at least 16 people.
As the military prepared the assault on South Waziristan in October, a wave of attacks against top security installations underscored the closer ties between the Taliban and Al Qaeda and what are known as jihadi groups, which operate out of southern Punjab.
Tolerated by the government for years, the Punjabi groups have entrenched domestic and political constituencies, as well as shadowy ties to former military officials and their families. Many Pakistanis consider them allies in just causes, including fighting India, the United States and Shiite Muslims.
The attacks included the suicide bombing of the headquarters of the World Food Program in Islamabad, which killed five people and led the United Nations to shutter its offices in Pakistan, and a 20-hour siege at the army headquarters in Rawalpindi that showed the deepening reach of the militant network, as well as its rising sophistication and inside knowledge of the security forces.
A suicide car bombing against a military vehicle in a crowded market in the northwest, killed 41. More than 30 people were killed on Oct. 15 in Lahore when three teams of militants assaulted two police training centers and a federal investigations building. Nine others were killed in two attacks at a police station in the northwest and a residential complex in Peshawar.
Despite the shift in the public mood against the militants, and what seemed to be a growing confidence to confront them, cooperation between the militant groups had made the threat to Pakistan more potent and insidious than ever, analysts said.
Mr. Zardari's sudden move in November 2009 to cede Pakistan's nuclear command structure to his prime minister was an all-out attempt to head off domestic political pressure as Mr. Zardari's two-year presidency hit a new low. With the end of a political amnesty program on Nov. 28, the president and his allies face potential corruption and criminal charges, and the opposition is demanding that he relinquish many of his powers or resign.
Analysts did not expect the move to harm Pakistan's nuclear security, but political stability in the country is critical for the Obama administration, which is set to announce its new strategy for Afghanistan in early December. Until his latest move, Mr. Zardari held the top civilian position in the organization known as the National Command Authority, which controls every aspect of Pakistan's nuclear arsenal — decisions to move or launch any of its 60 to 100 nuclear weapons, to expand the country's nuclear stockpile and to oversee the security of the weapons and nuclear laboratories.
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