iHaveNet.com
World - Egypt: First Steps | Egypt
  • HOME
  • WORLD
    • Africa
    • Asia Pacific
    • Balkans
    • Caucasas
    • Central Asia
    • Eastern Europe
    • Europe
    • Indian Subcontinent
    • Latin America
    • Middle East
    • North Africa
    • Scandinavia
    • Southeast Asia
    • United Kingdom
    • United States
    • Argentina
    • Australia
    • Austria
    • Benelux
    • Brazil
    • Canada
    • China
    • France
    • Germany
    • Greece
    • Hungary
    • India
    • Indonesia
    • Ireland
    • Israel
    • Italy
    • Japan
    • Korea
    • Mexico
    • New Zealand
    • Pakistan
    • Philippines
    • Poland
    • Russia
    • South Africa
    • Spain
    • Taiwan
    • Turkey
    • United States
  • USA
    • ECONOMICS
    • EDUCATION
    • ENVIRONMENT
    • FOREIGN POLICY
    • POLITICS
    • OPINION
    • TRADE
    • Atlanta
    • Baltimore
    • Bay Area
    • Boston
    • Chicago
    • Cleveland
    • DC Area
    • Dallas
    • Denver
    • Detroit
    • Houston
    • Los Angeles
    • Miami
    • New York
    • Philadelphia
    • Phoenix
    • Pittsburgh
    • Portland
    • San Diego
    • Seattle
    • Silicon Valley
    • Saint Louis
    • Tampa
    • Twin Cities
  • BUSINESS
    • FEATURES
    • eBUSINESS
    • HUMAN RESOURCES
    • MANAGEMENT
    • MARKETING
    • ENTREPRENEUR
    • SMALL BUSINESS
    • STOCK MARKETS
    • Agriculture
    • Airline
    • Auto
    • Beverage
    • Biotech
    • Book
    • Broadcast
    • Cable
    • Chemical
    • Clothing
    • Construction
    • Defense
    • Durable
    • Engineering
    • Electronics
    • Firearms
    • Food
    • Gaming
    • Healthcare
    • Hospitality
    • Leisure
    • Logistics
    • Metals
    • Mining
    • Movie
    • Music
    • Newspaper
    • Nondurable
    • Oil & Gas
    • Packaging
    • Pharmaceutic
    • Plastics
    • Real Estate
    • Retail
    • Shipping
    • Sports
    • Steelmaking
    • Textiles
    • Tobacco
    • Transportation
    • Travel
    • Utilities
  • WEALTH
    • CAREERS
    • INVESTING
    • PERSONAL FINANCE
    • REAL ESTATE
    • MARKETS
    • BUSINESS
  • STOCKS
    • ECONOMY
    • EMERGING MARKETS
    • STOCKS
    • FED WATCH
    • TECH STOCKS
    • BIOTECHS
    • COMMODITIES
    • MUTUAL FUNDS / ETFs
    • MERGERS / ACQUISITIONS
    • IPOs
    • 3M (MMM)
    • AT&T (T)
    • AIG (AIG)
    • Alcoa (AA)
    • Altria (MO)
    • American Express (AXP)
    • Apple (AAPL)
    • Bank of America (BAC)
    • Boeing (BA)
    • Caterpillar (CAT)
    • Chevron (CVX)
    • Cisco (CSCO)
    • Citigroup (C)
    • Coca Cola (KO)
    • Dell (DELL)
    • DuPont (DD)
    • Eastman Kodak (EK)
    • ExxonMobil (XOM)
    • FedEx (FDX)
    • General Electric (GE)
    • General Motors (GM)
    • Google (GOOG)
    • Hewlett-Packard (HPQ)
    • Home Depot (HD)
    • Honeywell (HON)
    • IBM (IBM)
    • Intel (INTC)
    • Int'l Paper (IP)
    • JP Morgan Chase (JPM)
    • J & J (JNJ)
    • McDonalds (MCD)
    • Merck (MRK)
    • Microsoft (MSFT)
    • P & G (PG)
    • United Tech (UTX)
    • Wal-Mart (WMT)
    • Walt Disney (DIS)
  • TECH
    • ADVANCED
    • FEATURES
    • INTERNET
    • INTERNET FEATURES
    • CYBERCULTURE
    • eCOMMERCE
    • mp3
    • SECURITY
    • GAMES
    • HANDHELD
    • SOFTWARE
    • PERSONAL
    • WIRELESS
  • HEALTH
    • AGING
    • ALTERNATIVE
    • AILMENTS
    • DRUGS
    • FITNESS
    • GENETICS
    • CHILDREN'S
    • MEN'S
    • WOMEN'S
  • LIFESTYLE
    • AUTOS
    • HOBBIES
    • EDUCATION
    • FAMILY
    • FASHION
    • FOOD
    • HOME DECOR
    • RELATIONSHIPS
    • PARENTING
    • PETS
    • TRAVEL
    • WOMEN
  • ENTERTAINMENT
    • BOOKS
    • TELEVISION
    • MUSIC
    • THE ARTS
    • MOVIES
    • CULTURE
  • SPORTS
    • BASEBALL
    • BASKETBALL
    • COLLEGES
    • FOOTBALL
    • GOLF
    • HOCKEY
    • OLYMPICS
    • SOCCER
    • TENNIS
  • Subscribe to RSS Feeds EMAIL ALERT Subscriptions from iHaveNet.com RSS
    • RSS | Politics
    • RSS | Recipes
    • RSS | NFL Football
    • RSS | Movie Reviews
Egypt: First Steps
Leonie Northedge

HOME > WORLD

 

SocialTwist Tell-a-Friend

On January 28, hundreds of mostly young Egyptians demanding the resignation of president Hosni Mubarak succeeded in turning Cairo's Tahrir Square into a protest hub. Here they shared meals, set up makeshift clinics and organised musical performances - all highly subversive actions in a state where little opposition was tolerated and protest is often subject to violent repression.

Ruled under a state of emergency since the assassination of Anwar El Sadat in 1981, Egyptians were long disillusioned by the limited democratic windows opened to them. Like many countries in the region, Egypt's population is overwhelmingly young, and suffers staggeringly high rates of youth unemployment. As in Tunisia, the staid and unresponsive regime was failing to meet the expectations of educated and uneducated Egyptians alike.

The successful ousting of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Tunisia provided the spark to Egypt's fuel. The Jasmine Revolution, given wall to wall coverage by Al Jazeera, set the precedent and inspired confidence in the possibilities of mass mobilisation. A small network of young activists planned demonstrations for a 'Police Day', on January 25.While they hoped that the Tunisian example would mean a good turnout, the numbers who gathered took everyone by surprise. Carefully planned to outfox the police, several thousand demonstrators made it to Tahrir Square in the centre of Cairo. This initial demonstration soon snowballed into a movement of unexpected scale, leaving established opposition figures scrambling to catch up and young activists leading the charge.

Kifaya - 'Enough'

The critical mass of Egyptians hitting the streets was key to the revolution's success in toppling Mubarak, but changes in the opposition scene over the last ten years helped to lay the groundwork. The polarisation of opposition groups between religious and secular elements - a weakening factor which was adeptly exploited by the regime - was slowly being eroded. This change was embodied by the Kifaya movement, which can perhaps be identified as the first expression of united opposition to the Mubarak regime by activists from across the political spectrum.

A loose coalition of opposition groups, political parties and independent activists, Kifayawas formed in 2004 in the run up to the 2005 legislative elections. The protests organised by Kifaya were nowhere near the size of the demonstrations which finally toppled Mubarak, but they challenged what had previously been taboo: questioning the position of the president himself.

The Kifaya movement also broke new ground by using digital technology and social media to organise protests and foster cooperation between varied opposition groups. The Egyptian blogging scene expanded rapidly in the mid-2000s, with blogs playing a part in mobilising young Egyptians to participate in protests and in reporting the events of demonstrations, which were often harshly policed.

Bloggers began to take a key role in bringing to light abuses committed by the regime and security services, posting photo and video evidence of detainee abuse. A video posted by blogger Wael Abbas led to an unprecedented successful prosecution of police officers. The topic of police brutality gained a much bigger platform, with opposition newspapers and then satellite talk shows taking up the issue. With blogs as the source, the authorities were less able to censor conventional media outlets reporting instances of abuse

'We Are All Khaled Said'

Police brutality remains a key mobilising issue, and now Egyptians have a new tool at their disposal: Facebook. The social networking site has rocketed in popularity over the last two years, especially since the launch of an Arabic version in March 2009, and there are now an estimated five million Egyptian users. Known colloquially as 'El-Face', the site has become an important location for young people to express themselves, both personally and politically.

It was on Facebook that the shocking story of Khaled Said first gained traction. The 28-year-old Alexandrian had posted footage on the internet showing police corruption. On June 6, 2010, he was dragged out of an internet cafe by police officers and brutally beaten to death. His family released photos of his disfigured corpse, and a Facebook group titled 'We are all Khaled Said' was set up to demand justice. Facebook users quickly took up the cause, and Khaled's death became a talking point among young people all over Egypt.

It was through the 'We are all Khaled Said' group that the January 25 'Day of Rage' protests were organised and publicised. With several hundred thousand 'likes', the activists organising the protest were able to reach a huge audience through the group, and their call to take a stand against 'torture, corruption, poverty and unemployment' resonated with young Egyptians. Spurred on by the achievements of the Jasmine Revolution, the result was an unprecedented mobilisation.

'How To Revolt Peacefully'

Facebook was not the only method activists used to get people out on the streets, as shown by the thousands who joined the demonstrations on January 25 from some of Cairo's poorest neighbourhoods. The scale of the response was unexpected, but activists quickly took action to try and coordinate the direction of the protests.

Prior to the huge demonstration on January 28, an email began circulating with a guide titled: "How to revolt peacefully". The document contains a list of demands, including the fall of Mubarak, freedom and justice, and the end of emergency law, and provides a practical guide for resisting crowd control measures. It also lays out tactical goals for the protesters to achieve, including maps with directions drawn on to show how to best surround strategically important buildings such as the state broadcasting headquarters.

One young Egyptian described how everyone he knew had been sent the guide - he had received it several times over including from friends living abroad. "There's nothing new in it," he insisted, "but everyone wanted to make sure that their friends and family were well prepared, to protect themselves against tear gas for example."

Activists made astute use of all the communication tools at their disposal, while the regime tried and failed to control the protests by clamping down on the internet and mobile phone networks. The regime also fought back by broadcasting a counter-narrative on state television - initially ignoring the protesters, then attempting to discredit them by reporting that they were mostly foreign, or that they were trained in Israel or America.

Television remains a key medium in Egypt, but with the advent of pan-Arab satellite channels such as Al Jazeera and private Egyptian networks, the government's attempt to control the narrative around the protests quickly fell apart. While Egyptian state TV broadcast stern warnings about curfews, Al Jazeera showed that the streets of downtown Cairo were full. When the state-owned satellite package NileSat dropped Al Jazeera, private Egyptian channels stepped in to carry Al Jazeera's content.

And while Al Jazeera's dedicated coverage of the protests made it the go-to channel for analysts and policymakers in both the west and the Arab world, it was a private Egyptian channel which provided one of the 'game-changing' moments of the revolution. Shortly after his release following twelve days of detention by the interior ministry, Google executive Wael Ghonim gave a long and heartfelt interview to Dream TV. He revealed that he had been one of the anonymous administrators of the 'We are all Khaled Said' Facebook group.

Broadcast on the evening of February 7,when it seemed that Mubarak and the protesters had reached an uneasy stalemate, the interview gave the demonstrations a renewed impetus. The following day thousands more Egyptians flooded onto the streets, many saying that they were inspired after watching Wael Ghonim on DreamTV.

A 'Facebook Revolution'?

An Egyptian joke doing the rounds describes how Mubarak dies, and on the way to the Pearly Gates meets former presidents Anwar El Sadat and Gamal Abdel Nasser at the entrance. They are sad and sympathetic: "What was it that got you, poison or a bullet? "Mubarak replies, "No, it was Facebook".

It goes without saying that revolutions are complex events, difficult to explain and even more difficult to predict. Governments were toppled by mass protest before the advent of Facebook. Once the protests were under way, the physical occupation of public space became key to the revolution's momentum: the government shutdown of the internet and mobile communications could not negate the tenacious presence of protesters in Tahrir Square, and in streets and squares all over Egypt.

But digital communications, social media and the proliferation of satellite TV channels outside of state control have undoubtedly changed the political landscape in the Middle East, and governments are only just coming to terms with the new realities.When the regime made the decision to shut down the internet and mobile communications - partially from January 25, and completely from January 27 for several days - it was already too little, too late.

Even with eight state television channels to broadcast its message, Mubarak's government could not counter the growing awareness among Egyptians - an awareness fostered by a new digitally-enabled political environment - that peaceful mass protest had the potential to bring about the change they had so long waited for.

 

Leonie Northedge is working for the Middle East and North Africa Programme, Chatham House.

SocialTwist Tell-a-Friend

 

  • Japanese Government Confirms Meltdown
  • Officials Claim Positive Signs on Japanese Reactor
  • Nuclear Meltdown at Quake-Damaged Japanese Plant
  • U.S. Geologists Explain Science Behind Japanese Earthquake
  • The Slow Decline of North America
  • Will Libya Again Become the Arsenal of Terrorism?
  • How a Libyan No-fly Zone Could Backfire
  • Superpower Obligations
  • Caught in the Middle East Minefield
  • You Cannot Kill an Idea
  • Democracy Must Be the Future of the Middle East
  • Arab Revolutions Need Not Be Americanized
  • Bahrain and the Battle Between Iran and Saudi Arabia
  • 'New Chapter' in the Middle East
  • Embarrassing Times for Al Qaeda
  • Western Intervention in Libya Should Not Fly
  • Yemen: Divided Dissent
  • Egypt: The Road Ahead
  • Egypt: First Steps
  • That Other Middle East Protest
  • Arab World's Obsession With Israel Is Fading
  • Time to Rethink Arab Arms Sales
  • Cote d'Ivoire: Power Gridlock
  • UK - Latin American Relations: Rearranging The Deckchairs
  • Mexico: Cracking Down
  • Ireland: A Work In Progress
  • WikiLeaks: Unsteady Drip
  • A G-Zero World: New Economic Club Will Produce Conflict Not Cooperation
  • The Post-Washington Consensus
  • Currency Wars: Then and Now
  • Currencies Are Not the Problem
  • The Advantages of an Assertive China
  • China's Search for a Grand Strategy
  • Will China's Rise Lead to War?
  • Getting China to Sanction Iran
  • How al Qaeda Works
  • Fighting the Laws of War
  • Cambodia: A Temple and a Tempest
  • A Welcome Foreign Policy Caution
  • A Politically 'Comatose' Middle East Awakens
  • New Regimes in Arab World Could Highlight American Hypocrisy
  • Egypt in Danger of Becoming America's Greatest Middle East Enemy
  • Middle East Unrest Spreads to Libya
  • The Tunisia Effect
  • The Arab Revolt
  • Far East and Middle East: A Study in Contrasts?
  • Arms Sales for India
  • The Indian - Pakistani Divide
  • Iraq: From Surge to Sovereignty
  • Doing Multiculturalism Right
  • Germany's Immigration Dilemma
  • World's Top Ten Circular Buildings and Structures
  • Freedom Fever
  • Revolution and the Muslim World
  • Discovering Fire
  • A Truth More Powerful Than an Army
  • Egypt's Dim Future
  • Demographics of Arab Protests
  • In New Arab World United States Cannot Straddle Fence Much Longer
  • The Wealth Gap Around the World
  • Revisionist History of Bush Democracy Agenda Doesn't Hold Up
  • What the Egyptian Uprising Means for Investors
  • The Real 'Realism' on Israel
  • Shaky Restart to Inter-Korean Talks
  • The Threat of Civil Unrest in Pakistan and the Davis Case
  • Davos Man and the Real World
  • From Davos to D.C., A Crossroads Moment for the World
  • The 10 Countries With the Most Debt
  • Egypt: The Distance Between Enthusiasm and Reality
  • Egypt Revolt Part of a Long History of Uprisings
  • Hope Amid the Chaos in Cairo
  • Egypt's Uphill Economic Struggles
  • The United States - Egypt Breakup: Washington's Limited Options in Cairo
  • Egypt a 'Textbook' Foreign Policy Dilemma
  • Egypt's Widening Discontent
  • Egypt Aflame
  • Obama Meets Foreign Policy Test in Egypt
  • Tunisia: Moment in the Sun
  • Hunger Fuels Discontent in Middle East
  • No Justice, No Peace
  • American-Israeli Policy To Be Tested By Arab Uprisings
  • Israel, Turkey and Iran: Neighbourly Strain
  • Israel: Testing Times
  • Syria: Washington's New Direction
  • Russia: A 21st Century Alliance?
  • Russia: Podium Pressure and the 2014 Winter Olympics
  • Montenegro: The Survivor Exits
  • Kosovo: A Way To Go
  • Belarus: Back in the Freezer
  • Korea: A Glimmer of Hope
  • Humanitarian Workers: Aid for the Aid Givers
  • U.S. Officials Talk Tough With China
  • Obama Presses Hu Jintao to Let U.S. Banks Into China
  • Obama Served Peace Prize too Early
  • America's China Syndrome
  • Tunisia's Lessons for Repressive Regimes
  • Tunisia: A Popular Uprising But Then What?
  • Unrest in Tunisia and Ivory Coast Send Tremors Through Africa
  • Afganistan: Nurturing a Narco-State
  • Top Global Risks of 2011
  • China and United States Need Overarching Concept for Interaction
  • China's Growing Military Might Poses Many Policy Questions
  • Britain and China: Then and Now
  • How Repressive Regimes Use the Internet to Keep Power
  • Islam's Hijackers and Hijackees
  • WikiLeaks: Diplomacy as Usual
  • Africom: Soft Power Warriors
  • Nigerian Elections: Levelling the Playing Fields
  • Nigerian Elections: Changing of the Old Guard?
  • Sudan: Beyond Southern Sudan
  • Afghanistan: Deadly Addiction
  • The Euro: Until Death Do Us Part
  • Russia: Rewriting History
  • Gulf States Should Take a DIY Approach With Iran
  • Back to 'Normal' in the Middle East
  • America: Uneasy Engagement
  • America: Flying Into Turbulence
  • Obama and Human Rights: Continuity and Change
  • Western Economy on Suicide Watch?
  • South America Enters Middle East Quagmire
  • The Political Power of Social Media
  • West Is Best? Why Civilizations Rise and Fall
  • Exploring the Influence of Culture on Military Doctrine
  • The Good News About Gas
  • Less Than Zero: Bursting the New Disarmament Bubble
  • Why Moscow Says No
  • A Third Way to Palestine - Fayyadism and Its Discontents
  • The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran
  • Plan B in Afghanistan
  • The Fallout of the Global Gun Trade
  • Finish the Job: How the War in Afghanistan Can Be Won
  • Why the Rich Are Getting Richer
  • A Leaner and Meaner Defense
  • Defense Is On The Table
  • The American 21st Century
  • Culture Matters: Real Obstacles to Latin American Development
  • A Wave of Christianophobia
  • Lessons From the Iraq War for Afghanistan
  • Foreign Policy Review Suggests a Losing Effort
  • Iran: Glow, Little Glow Worm, Glow
  • Believe in Violence and Be Saved
  • Colonialism Still at Heart of Africa's Growing Pains
  • The Empty Chair
  • North Korea: The World's Problem Child
  • Save the North Koreans!
  • For Middle East Peace, Israel Must Prepare for Nuclear War
  • Iran Nuclear Talks: A Widening Chasm
  • A Sordid Dance in Afghanistan
  • Holding the Course in Afghanistan
  • As New START Debate Rages, Quiet Nuclear Progress With Russia
  • Argentina Needs to Face Education Debacle
  • A World Full of Fault Lines
  • Facebook, Twitter and the Search for Peace in the Middle East
  • China's Leadership: Fractures Finally Showing
  • China: Uncertain Leap Forward
  • Britain and China: Being Friendly
  • Belarus: Land Between
  • Sudan's Referendum: Prickly Interdependence
  • Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy: Limits of Being Helpful
  • Iraq Refugees: Seeking Safety
  • Troublesome Partner in Afghanistan
  • NATO Presses on With Futile Effort in Afghanistan
  • Counterfeit Medicines: Health and Harm
  • Food Supply: Lunchtime Blues
  • Cybersecurity and Society: bigsociety.com
  • America's Credibility Deficit
  • Global Warming Conference Faces Meltdown
  • WikiLeaks Disclosures Not Earth Shattering
  • WikiLeaks May End Up Helping America
  • WikiLeaks and The Invisible Government
  • Wikileaks: More Than Just an Embarrassment
  • Wikileaks: Undiplomatic Diplomacy
  • A WikiLeaks Wake-up Call
  • Will WikiLeaks Hobble U.S. Diplomacy?
  • How WikiLeaks Can Make Us Less Free
  • Wikileaks: Small Revelations That May Cause a Big Idea to Take Hold
  • G20 Summit: Hitting Singles in Seoul
  • The Consequences of Fiscal Irresponsibility
  • GDP Now Matters More Than Force: Policy for the Age of Economic Power
  • What Population Growth and Decline Means for the Global Economy
  • Leading Through Civilian Power: Redefining Diplomacy and Development
  • The Future of American Power: Dominance and Decline in Perspective
  • Who Do You Call If You Want to Divide Europe?
  • The Game Changer: Coping With China's Foreign Policy Revolution
  • Why the Retirement Age Is Increasing
  • Religion's Growing Influence in International Politics
  • The Difficulty of Integrating Rising Powers
  • Ban-ki Moon Has United Nations 'Drifting Into Irrelevance'
  • Bachelet Faces Uphill Battle at U.N. Women
  • Murderous Tactics Fueling Terrorist Propaganda
  • Benjamin Netanyahu: A Hawk in the Ointment
  • Diminished Capacity
  • Moscow's Modernization Dilemma: Is Russia Charting a New Foreign Policy?
  • NATO Summit Unlikely to Answer the Most Important Questions
  • Franco-German Call for Change in the EU Meets with Much Opposition
  • A Tenuous Deal in Iraq
  • Conflict or Cooperation? Three Visions Revisited
  • A New Global Player: Brazil's Far-Flung Agenda
  • Pax Ottomana? The Mixed Success of Turkey's New Foreign Policy
  • Rise of the Mezzanine Rulers
  • Globalizing the Energy Revolution
  • Democracy in Cyberspace
  • The Digital Disruption
  • Africa: Agriculture's Final Frontier
  • A Reading List for the Twenty-first Century
  • Latin American Leaders Could Have Learned From South Korea
  • Region Ignoring Venezuela Coup Threats
  • To Fight Corruption, Start Cutting Red Tape
  • New Congress Won't Lead to 'Fortress America'
  • The Shifting Balance of Power
  • Checking China's Territorial Moves
  • Why China Has a Point About Quantitative Easing
  • China's Rate Hike: Winners and Losers
  • Taiwan's Shadow
  • Fools Rush in Where Europe Rushes Out
  • Germany to Muhammad: Go Home
  • Can NATO Nudge Russia Westward?
  • French Demonstrations Tell a Familiar Tale
  • Chavez a Pain for Spain
  • Nestor Kirchner's Death May Mark End of an Era
  • Petraeus Follows Iraq Formula in Afghanistan
  • Heavy Handed Intervention Has Stalled Arab-Israeli Peace Process
  • George Clooney Urges Obama and Media To Focus On Sudan
  • Fighting Hunger in Des Moines
  • Rise in Tourism to Miami May Signal Danger Ahead
  • Peru May Be Next Latin American Success Story
  • Nobel Winner Right About Risks of e-Books
  • Nestor Kirchner's Death May Mark End of an Era
  • Chavez a Pain for Spain
  • Economic Woes Put Brittle Nations on Edge

 

Available at Amazon.com:

Aftermath: Following the Bloodshed of America's Wars in the Muslim World

Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East (The Contemporary Middle East)

Enemies of Intelligence

The End of History and the Last Man

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

The Tragedy of Great Power Politics

The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations?

Running Out of Water: The Looming Crisis and Solutions to Conserve Our Most Precious Resource

Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water

Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization

The Great Gamble

At War with the Weather: Managing Large-Scale Risks in a New Era of Catastrophes

Friendly Fire: Losing Friends and Making Enemies in the Anti-American Century

Dining With al-Qaeda: Three Decades Exploring the Many Worlds of the Middle East

Uprising: Will Emerging Markets Shape or Shake the World Economy

 

Copyright 2011, Chatham House; Distributed by TRIBUNE MEDIA SERVICES, INC.

 

Recommend

Search Powered By Google

Google Search   

ADVERTISEMENT

Advertisement

Advertisement

ADVERTISEMENT

Job & Career Search

career & job search                    job title, keywords, company, location
  • HOME
  • WORLD
  • USA
  • BUSINESS
  • WEALTH
  • STOCKS
  • TECH
  • HEALTH
  • LIFESTYLE
  • ENTERTAINMENT
  • SPORTS

World - Egypt: First Steps | Global Viewpoint

  • Services:
  • RSS Feeds
  • Shopping
  • Email Alerts
  • Site Map
  • Privacy